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 CARVED GREEN ONYX, RUBY CABOCHON & DIAMOND 18K RING Intaglio Roman Head US $495.00 
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 Vintage Carved Bakelite? Green Link Link Bracelet US $250.00
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 BEAUTIFUL VINTAGE RARE HAND CARVED ROSE GREEN JADE NECKLACE US $49.00
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 Early TOBIAS Sterling Mexican Carved Green Agate Warrior Mask Ring US $48.00
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 Vintage 1940's celery green BAKELITE carved EARRINGS US $80.00
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 Diamond Pendant with Carved Green Onyx Gemstone 18K Gold Sterling Silver Jewelry US $1,050.00
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 Vintage Lot 2 Pair Gold Filled Signed Van Dell Carved Green Stone Earrings US $7.49
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 Two Carved Bakelite Bangle Bracelets, Green & Butterscotch US $21.09
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 ANTIQUE Chinese Carved and Pierced Green Jade Earrings w/ Gilded Silver Mounts US $76.00
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 Cute Vintage Green Carved Lucite Silver Necklace. US $19.99
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 Vintage Chinese Oriental 18 K Gold Carved Green Jade Crane Dragon Pendant US $297.00
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 CHANGER BLACK GREEN LEAF FLOWER CARVED CLEAR TRANSPARENT RESIN BANGLE BRACELET US $8.99
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 Vintage Large Carved Flower Green/Yellow Swirl Bakelite Dress Fur Scarf Clip US $24.99
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 Art Deco Carved Green Lucite Silver Leaf Stick Pin 4"L Fabulous! US $19.99
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 CARVED RAINBOW 5 STRIPES LAMINATED GREEN RED YELLOW PURPLE RESIN BANGLE BRACELET US $9.99
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 VINTAGE GOLDEN TONE & GREEN JADE HAND CARVED ELEPHANT SCREW BACK EARRINGS US $9.99
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 VTG Carved Olive green bakelite bracelet tested US $19.99
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 Bolo Necklace Hand carved M Case 1981 with Natural Stone Picture Green Agate US $9.99
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 Huge Vtg CELLULOID / LUCITE Carved Green FROG Brooch Pin with Orange Legs US $175.00
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 Vtg CELLULOID / LUCITE Carved Green ALLIGATOR Brooch Pin with Orange Legs US $175.00
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 antique BURMA JADE bangle JAPAN carved before 1900 jadite w/RED and pale green US $299.99
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 1940's Sterling Silver Green Carved Mask Earrings Mexico US $20.95
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 ONE OF A KIND Amazing Chinese Antique Carved Jade Green Chalcedony Necklace US $1,200.00
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 Vintage Green Jade Hand Carved Budda Pendant US $45.00
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 ANTIQUE/ Vintage 14K Rose Gold & Carved Green Jadeite Jade Clip-on Earrings US $1,599.00
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 Fine Estate Jewelry 14K Yellow Gold Apple Green Jade Carved Pendant US $311.20
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 VINTAGE BAKELITE SPINACH GREEN CARVED PINWHEEL DESIGN CLIP EARRINGS US $14.50
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 Estate 14K Yellow Gold Carved Green Jade Chinese Foo Dog Pendant Fine Jewelry US $479.20
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 Vintage Christmas Green Onyx Carved Oval Scarabs Gold Tone Post Earrings. US $24.99
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 Vintage 14K Gold Filled Carnelian Green Onyx Stone Carved Scarabs Earrings Amco US $44.99
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 Carved Lucky Green Jade Dragon Pheonix #2290 US $58.00
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 1930s Vintage Art Deco Carved Dyed Bakelite Buckle Green Tested Guaranteed US $150.00
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 VTG 14K GOLD CARVED LIGHT GREEN JADE BUDDHA US $150.00
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 Vintage Green Tinted Carved Stone Egyptian Pin Pendant US $74.99
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 Estate 14K Gold Carved Green Jade Frog Pendant Fine Jewelry US $959.20
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 Vintage Carved Bakelite Bangle - Green Avocado US $9.99
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 Vintage Carved Bakelite Bangle - Green Black US $46.00
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 ART DECO CARVED GREEN GLASS ON BRASS DRESS FUR CLIP VINTAGE US $9.95
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 Vintage 1930s 40s ART DECO Carved Stylized Shell Green BAKELITE Clip Pin US $63.74
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 VINTAGE MEXICAN STERLING SILVER CARVED GREEN JADE MASK MASQUETTE BRACELET US $675.75
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 Vintage Necklace Pendant Carved Green Stone Chicken ? Bird Jewelry - NICE! US $2.25
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 Vintage Necklace Pendant BIG Asian Carved Green Stone Figural Bird Jewelry - NI US $3.25
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 Vintage Necklace Pendant BIG Asian Carved Green Stone Figural Face Jewelry - NI US $1.75
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 VINTAGE STERLING SILVER & HAND CARVED GREEN JADE JADEITE LEAF & STAR NECKLACE US $76.49
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 Vintage Carved Pierced Green Jade Necklace 14k Gold 1950's 60's US $695.00
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 JOMAZ VINTAGE RHINESTONE CARVED GREEN GLASS FLYING FISH PIN & EARRINGS SET US $235.00
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 Vintage 1950's green pea BAKELITE CARVED BRACELET US $95.00
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 Vintage 1940's green BAKELITE deeply carved CLIP PIN US $135.00
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 VINTAGE DEEP CARVED OLIVE GREEN BAKELITE BANGLE BRACELET US $250.00
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 VINTAGE STERLING DECO FILIGREE RING w GREEN STONE & CARVED CAMEO SILVER RING LOT US $44.99
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 TERRIFIC PAIR OF VINTAGE KELLY GREEN BAKELITE CARVED DANGLY DRESS CLIPS US $275.00
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 Vintage Mexican Carved Green Malachite Face Mask Pendant 27 Inch Necklace US $7.00
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 ANTIQUE ART DECO CARVED MARBLED GREEN GALALITH PIN US $34.50
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 Trifari Gemstone Earrings Green Carved Jade ? Earrings Set Vintage Trifari Set US $8.00
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 Lovely, chunky, deep green, vintage, deeply carved, Bakelite, pendant! US $127.50
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 CARVED GREEN & PURPLE JADE GOLD BEAD BRACELET US $17.50
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 Vintage 1980's Carved Jade Green Stone Elephant Necklace Goldtone US $26.20
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 Vtg Estate 2 Strand Carved Green Beads/Faceted Crystal Beads 21" Necklace UNIQUE US $19.99
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 RARE 3 Carved Coral FOX HEAD Dress Studs WEST & SON College Green DUBLIN US $624.38
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 CARVED OLIVE GREEN BAKELITE BRACELET & EARRINGS-MUST SEE-NICE!*~* US $79.99
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 Estate Hand Carved Green Translucent Jade Floral in a Planter Pendant US $12.00
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 VINTAGE 3 STRAND WHITE GREEN CARVED GLASS BEAD NECKLACE US $72.00
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 Vintage Carved Green Jade Elephant Pendant Gold Tone Chain Necklace US $7.49
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 Chinese carved green jade & silver dress clip / brooch US $39.52
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 GORGEOUS VINTAGE? GREEN CARVED SOAP STONE FLOWER 2 STRANDS NECKLACE CHOCKER US $79.00
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 SALE!! Antique Jadeite Celedon Green Icy Necklace Carved Beads Pendant US $449.00
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 BAKELITE BEAUTIFUL GREEN DEEPLY CARVED BANGLE BRACELET US $95.00
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 Vintage Circle Brooch Pin Carved Glass Scarabs Egyptian Revival Red Blue Green US $40.45
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 Carved Celluloid Plastic BANGLE BRACELET,Pastel Green vintage estate jewelry US $20.50
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 VTG BOUQUET FLOWERS CARVED CELLULIOD IVORY COLOR ENAMEL GREEN LEAFS SIGNED "JJ" US $15.00
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 VINTAGE GOLD TONE CARVED GREEN MARBLE BAKELITE FLOWER PIN US $46.00
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 Vintage Estate BAKELITE Catalin Overdyed Carved Necklace Earrings Demi Set Green US $296.99
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 Vintage Mexican Silver and Green Stone Pin Carved Figure with Face 2 1/2" Long US $44.99
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 Old 900 Sterling Silver Pin Brooch with Carved Green Jade Face US $45.99
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 4 PAIR VINTAGE BAKELITE EARRINGS, ONE CARVED/ BUTTERSCOTCH/GREEN/ BROWN US $12.99
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 Gorgeous vintage Chinese green and pale green carved Nephrite Jade necklace US $199.99
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 Vtg CHUNKY Carved GREEN Glass Cabochon Runway BRACELET w Rhinestone Accents US $69.00
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 Large Vintage CARVED GREEN JADE RING - 14k Gold Ornate Mounting (4M16) US $425.00
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 Vintage Trifari Gold Pin With Raised Carved Green Tulip & Gold Leaves On Stems US $49.99
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 Mothers Day gift carved wood elephant green wood beads fun and attractive US $29.99
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 Vintage green carved rose lucite pendant necklace US $24.61
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 Carved Green Jade Lucky Coin and Vine #2504 US $38.00
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 Carved Green Jade Long Life Bamboo and Vine #2501 US $38.00
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 RARE ANTIQUE BAKELITE CARVED GREEN EXOTIC NATIVE TRIBAL HEAD FACE MASK BROOCH US $124.99
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 Pretty Detailed Carved Plastic? Pink & Green Rose Brooch Pin - Really Nice US $6.50
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 Vtg 40 MEXICAN BIG CASA PRIETO Sterling Silver Indian Face Carved Green Oynx Pin US $119.00
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 Carved Green Jade Dragon Coin and Long Life Phoenix #2758 US $38.00
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 Carved Green Jade Long Life Fruit #2758 US $88.00
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 Ring - Adjustable - Metal Content ?? - Green Jade Carved On Top - Made of ??? US $8.00
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 Carved Green Jade Dragon #2259 US $68.00
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Green Carved
Chainsaw carving of a Green man/Treebeard style face carved on a White beam Stump
Wood Carvings in Oaxaca, Mexico (alebrijes), Copal and Sustainable Industry
Oaxacan wood carvings, the colorful fanciful figures popularly known as alebrijes, have been collectible folk art since the 1980s, their origins dating to as early as the 1960s. Today in the workshop of Jacobo Ángeles and María Mendoza in the town of San Martín Tilcajete, Ocotlán, they represent a sustainable industry for Oaxaca.
The Ángeles – Mendoza taller arguably produces the highest quality alebrijes in the entire state. Jacobo recounts stories of the predecessor to alebrijes; rudimentary carvings dating to pre – Hispanic times, which were placed in a revered part of each Zapotec home, or small amulets which were worn around the neck. Each individual had his own animal protector, depending on date of birth in the 20 day Zapotec calendar.
The wood most often used to carve images of these mammals, fish, fowl and reptiles was, and continues to be, copal. Its bark was traditionally used to produce many of the pigments used for painting friezes on ruins such as Mitla. Since time immemorial its hardened sap or resin has been burned as incense for rituals, including religious rites. And so copal has been dubbed a sacred tree. But in modern Oaxaca it symbolizes sustainability.
Copal and Alebrije Carving in Oaxaca, Mexico
The word copal comes from the Nahuatl term copalli, applied to any resin producing plant which gives off an aroma when burned. The copal tree belongs to the genus Bursera. There are about 100 species ranging from Mexico down through the Americas. The copal used to carve alebrijes and produce resin is a softwood, medium sized tree reaching a height of about 12 meters.
Alebrijes are carved when the wood is still green and therefore more easily worked. Copal grows with significant bends and contortions, lending itself to the creation of the most whimsical of figures simply by using one's imagination to determine what branch will be used to carve what creature. Some alebrijes are carved from one solid piece of wood, while others are assembled.
Sustainability and the Use of Copal
Once the figure has been carved and sanded, the artist is left with small wood chips and sawdust. But nothing goes to waste in the workshop of Jacobo and María. The alebrijes must be completely dry before the painting begins. During the drying process, cracks appear – a good thing. The small pieces of wood from the carving process, discarded in the course of the wood being cut with first a machete, then a series of chisels, and finally small finishing knives, are used to fill the cracks. The sawdust is mixed with commercial glue, and the paste is then used to ensure the wooden shims remain in place. Thereafter the paste is used as a coating over the areas which have had remedial work. Any remaining wood chips are used as fuel – kindling and firewood to make tortillas and other prepared foods on the grill or comal.
One is hard-pressed to encounter another workshop in any of the three main alebrije villages in Oaxaca which decorates its figures using paints made from fruit, vegetable, insect and mineral material. While María's painting group also works with acrylics, its use of naturally produced colors is the specialty: pomegranate for yellows, pinks and greens; cochineal for reds and oranges; añil or indigo for blues; huitlacoche (corn smut) for ochre and zinc for lightening. Other natural substances are also combined, yielding a rainbow of colors.
The copal tree itself can be used to produce a vast range of colors. The inside of the bark of the "male" species, when dried, toasted and ground, yields a deep brown / maroon powder which when mixed with lime juice, baking soda (in pre – Hispanic times sea salt) and other natural substances, creates yet further colors and tones.
In order to ensure that these natural colors do not fade with exposure to the sun or absorb into the wood, before application they are combined with a mixture of 50% honey and 50% liquefied (with the application of fire) copal resin – the same resin which continues to be used ritually in Oaxaca at funeral gatherings and prayer services, church masses, and at other times of the year marking important dates, such as Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead).
In some Mexican cultures, pursuant to local tradition inhalation of the resin or drinking it in a tea is believed to relieve respiratory problems. The smoke is also used to purify the individual, the home, and even as custom at the inauguration of a new business. The humo is also employed as aromatherapy by curanderos (native healers), and in ritual associated with the temazcal, a pre – Hispanic cleansing and curative steam bath akin to the Iroquois sweat lodge.
The same liquid resin is also utilized as lacquer. And in Ocotlán, a short drive from San Martín Tilcajete, it is employed by acclaimed knife maker Apolinar Águilar. Apolinar hand – forges knives, swords and cutlery using only recycled metals, with the aid of only a mallet and heat produced by his stone and mud hearth – a technique imported from 16th century Toledo, Spain. To engrave his work with a name, verse or drawing, he uses an ink he makes by liquefying the copal resin with other compounds.
Production of copal resin constitutes a distinct industry providing many with work. The trees are tapped by cutting a well from which the sap can easily be collected. Similar to tapping a maple, the copal tree continues to grow once tapped.
The copal matures and is ready to be cut for use as wood at about 30 years of growth, a relatively short period of time. But the tree is not simply cut down. Those involved in cutting and selling copal branches to the artisans ensure that the tree trunk remains sufficiently large and viable so that it continues to grow, for future cutting.
But since copal remains the wood of choice for carving alebrijes, and alebrijes continue to be popular tourist purchases, copal runs the danger of become a scarce natural resource.
Since 1994, the Rodolfo Morales foundation has donated saplings to the cause of ensuring a continuous supply of copal. Every year the townspeople and friends of San Martín Tilcajete participate in a reforestation project which centers upon the planting of 5,000 copal saplings and a further 5,000 mixedwood. The planting occurs during the summer rainy season, to take advantage of the natural irrigation at this time of year. Of course some trees do not survive extremely heavy and sustained rains, and others die during the dry season if watering is insufficient. But most saplings do take, so that eventually irrigating is not required to maintain healthy, fast growth.
The cycle of cultivating copal from sapling to cutting is remarkably similar to that of agave, used in the production of mezcal, another sustainable Oaxacan industry. For generations to come, alebrijes and copal, mezcal, as well as other local industries including production of rugs and hand blown glass, will continue to enhance Oaxaca's reputation as a world ambassador of sustainability.
About the Author
Alvin Starkman received his Masters in Anthropology in 1978. He thereafter obtain a law degree and embarking upon a career as a litigator until 2004. Alvin resides in Oaxaca, Mexico, where he writes, leads couples and families on tours to the villages, markets, ruins and other sights, is a consultant to film production companies, and operates Casa Machaya Oaxaca Bed & Breakfast. (http://www.oaxacadream.com) & Oaxaca Culinary Tours (http://www.oaxacaculinarytours.com). Alvin is a paid contributing writer for Mexico Today (CL).
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